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RECAP
What is photography?
Method of recording permanent images by light on to a chemically
sensitive material is called
photography. It was developed in the 19th century through the
artistic aspirations of two Frenchmen,
Nicéphore Niepce and Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, whose
combined discoveries led to the invention of
the first commercially successful process, the daguerreotype in
1837.
Stop-Action Photography
E. J. Marey, the painter Thomas Eakins, and Eadweard Muybridge
all devised means for making
stop-action photographs that demonstrated the gap between what
the mind thinks it sees and what the eye
actually perceives.
1881
- Halftone
1888
- George Eastman
- Introduction of roll film
Motion Pictures – A New Way in Mass Communication
Definition
Motion picture means movie-making as an art and an industry,
including its production techniques,
its creative artists and the distribution and exhibition of its
products.
Start in unbelievable fashion
It started with a $25,000 bet, in 1877 that was a lot of money.
Edward
Muybridge, an Englishman tuned American, needed to settle a bet.
Some people argued
that a galloping horse had all four feet off of the ground at
the same time at some point;
others said this would be impossible. No feet touching the
ground; how could that be?
The problem was that galloping hooves move too fast for the eye
to see. Or, maybe,
depending on your belief, just fast enough that you could see
what you wanted to. To settle the bet
definitive proof was needed.
In an effort to settle
the issue once and for all an experiment was set up in which a rapid sequence of
photos was taken of a running horse. When the pictures were
developed it was found that the horse did
indeed have all four feet off the ground during brief moments,
thus, settling the bet. But, in doing this
experiment they found out something else — something that
becomes obvious from the illustrations below.
When a series of still photos are presented sequentially, an
illusion of motion is created. That discovery
would soon make that $25,000 look like pocket change.
1889
Thomas Edison and his staff developed the kinetograph, a camera
using rolls of coated celluloid
film, and the Kinetoscope, a device for peep-show viewing using
photographs that flipped in sequence.
1895
Lumière brothers, France, created the first projection device,
the Cinematograph.
1905
The first movie theater, complete with luxurious accessories and
a piano, was built in Pittsburgh. A
nickel was charged for admission, and the theater was called the
nickelodeon.
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Films had slowly been edging past the 20 minute mark, but the
drive to feature-length works began with the
Italian Spectacle
(1913), running nine reels or about
two hours.
The American Edwin S. Porter realized and demonstrated that
scenes photographed in widely separate
locales could be cut/ edited, together yet still not be
confusing to the audience. His subject matter tended
toward depictions of modern life; his
Life of an American Fireman
(1902) and
The Great Train Robbery
(1903)
are among the first works to use editing as well as acting and
stagecraft to tell their stories.
1926
Successful experiments in sound effects and music.
1927
• Spoken dialogue was
successfully introduced in The
Jazz Singer.
• Lights of New
York got more popular among public.
1927
• The Motion Picture
Academy of Arts and Sciences was formed and began an annual awards
ceremony.
• Oscar Award.
Measures taken by the Film industry to beat Television
• Stereophonic sound
system was introduced.
• Cinemascope film.
• Introduction of glamour
in movies.
• Diverse topics/
subjects.
Motion Picture/Film in South Asia
• The Lumier Brothers of
France exhibited their short films in December 1895 at Grande Cafe,
Paris. The following year, they brought the show to India and
held its premiere at the Watson
Hotel in Bombay on 7th July 1896.
• A package of 6 films.
• Raja
Harishchandra (1913) – first silent
feature film of subcontinent, made by
Dadasaheb
Phalke.
• 1913-1930s
- 200 films were produced.
• Ardeshir Irani's
Alam Ara (1931) – first talky film.
In Calcutta, Hira
lal Sen photographed scenes from some
of the plays at the Classic Theatre. Such films
were shown as added attractions after the stage performances.
Mohini Bhasmasur
(1914), significant for introducing the first woman to act before the cameras –
Kamala
bai Gokhale.
Madan Theatres of Calcutta produced
Shirin Farhad
and
Laila Majnu (1931).
Legends of South Asian Film Industry
V. Shantaram
- Ayodhya ka Raja (1932)
- Admi (1939)
- Duniya Na Mane (1937)
Mehboob Khan
- Roti (early 1940s)
- Aurat (1940)
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- Mother India (1957)
Bimal Roy
- Udayer Pathey (1944)
- Do Bigha Zamin (1953)
Raj Kapoor
- Aag
- Awara (1951)
Pakistan film industry’s shared-history from 1896-1947
First silent film from Lahore was
The Daughter of Today
released in 1924 and the inaugural Punjabi talkie
film from Lahore was
Heer Ranjha in 1932.
The Daughter of Today
- Premier Film Company
- Released in: 1924
- The first ever silent film from Punjab
- Actors: A.K.Kardar, Wilayat Begum, M. Ismael, Vijay Kumar,
Heera Lal, Master Ghulam Qadir, G.K.
Mehta.
Alam Ara
- Inaugural Urdu/Hindi Indo-Pak feature film
- Imperial Film Company
- Urdu/Hindi (124 minutes; black & white)
- Released on: Saturday, March 14, 1931 (Capital cinema Lahore)
- Actors: Zubaida (Alam Ara), Master Vitthal (Adil), J. Sushila
(as Sushila), Jillo Bai, Prithviraj Kapoor,
Elizer, Wazir Mohammed Khan, Jagdish Sethi and L.V. Prasad
- Music: Ferozshah and B. Irani
Heer Ranjha
- First ever Punjabi feature film
- Realesed in: 1932
- Actors: Anwari Begum, Rafiq Ghazniv, Gul Hameed, Lala Yaqoob,
M. Ismael, Fazal Shah, Walait Begum.
Khazanchi
- Pancholi Art Pictures
- Released in: 1941
- Music director: Master Ghulam Haidar
- Introduced baby Noor Jehan as playback singer.
Anmol Gharri
- Mehboob Production Ltd. (Bombay-Lahore)
- Urdu/Hindi
- Realesed in: 1946
- Actors: Noor Jehan, Surender, Surayya, Zahoor Raja, Leela
Mishra, Anwari Begum, Bhudo Anvari,
Murad.
- Music: Naushad Ali
- Lyrics: Tanvir Naqvi
Shamshad Begum (born
in Lahore) was the first generation of top Punjabi film singers. (followed by
Zubaida Khanum (in the 50s) and Madam Noor Jehan (from 40s-90s),
respectively).
Mohammad Rafi, famous
singer of Indian film industry, was from Punjab, Lahore.
Shukat Hussain Rizvi, Director
- J U G N U,
last Big "Pakistani" film before partition
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- Shoukat Arts Productions
- Urdu/Hindi
- Released in: 1946
- Actors: Yousaf Khan (Dilip Kumar), Noor Jahan
- Singers: Madam Noor Jehan, Mohammad Rafi
Teri Yaad
- Released on: Saturday, August 7, 1948
Phairay
- Producer and Director: Nazir
- Music: G. A. Chishti
Changes Introduced by Films
• Entertainment.
• Cinema houses - a new
business.
• Jobs in thousands for
acting, direction, music, sets, lighting, recording, cinematography etc.
• Billboards all over in
so much color - landscape changed.
• Manifested culture and
in return influenced culture – dresses, languages, living style, harmony etc.
• Strong expression
against hated figures in society, oppressors - at least can see on screen.
• Boldness, vulgarity,
obscenity – the dark side of films.
Propaganda
Message conveyed in order to support and spread a particular
opinion or point of view, engaging
the emotions of the audience. In another manner it could be said
as the planned dissemination of news,
information, special arguments, and appeals designed to
influence the beliefs, thoughts, and actions of a
specific group."
The term propaganda carries many definitions. Harold Lasswell, a
pioneer of propaganda studies, defines it
as "the management of collective attitudes by the manipulation
of significant symbols." Like other social
scientists, he emphasizes its psychological elements: propaganda
was a subconscious manipulation of
psychological symbols to accomplish secret objectives.
Subsequent analysts stressed that propaganda was a
planned and deliberate act of opinion management.
Types of Propaganda
Modern practitioners of propaganda utilize various schemes to
classify different types of propaganda
activities. One such categorization classifies propaganda as:
White Propaganda
Grey Propaganda
Black Propaganda
Radio
Marconi recognized as radio inventor
In 1896 Guglielmo Marconi was awarded what is sometimes
recognized as the world's first patent
for radio with British Patent 12039,
Improvements in transmitting electrical
impulses and signals and in apparatus therefor.
In 1897 he established the world's first Radio Station on the
Isle of Wight, England. The same year in
the USA, some key developments in radio's early history were
created and patented by Nikola Tesla. The
US Patent Office reversed its decision in 1904, awarding
Guglielmo Marconi a patent for the invention of
radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the
States, who included Thomas Edison and
Andrew Carnegie. Some believe this was done to allow the US
Government to avoid having to pay the
royalties that were being claimed by Nikola Tesla for use of his
patents.
Effects of Radio on society
Radio proved far more effective in mass communication as
compared to the print media. The
property of radio which did not require transportation of the
message drew immense attention of common
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people and investors in the field of mass media. Once the radio
technology was recognized as an effective
mean of communication, there was a race among companies and
individuals to have their own radio facility.
• Peace time
• War time
Television
Television is the process of capturing photographic images,
converting them into electrical
impulses, and then transmitting the signal to a decoding
receiver. Conventional transmission is by means of
electromagnetic radiation, using the methods of radio.
Among the technical developments that have come to dominate our
lives, television is surely one of the top
few. In the developed world, the average household watches
television for seven hours per day, which
helps to explain why news, sports, and educational entities, as
well as advertisers, value the device for
communication.
TV changes some basic concepts
TV is largely responsible for bringing about so many social,
cultural and economic changes- and
that too with rapid speed, and is considered as one major factor
to help globalize human thinking and
understanding on various matters by fully exploiting all the
elements possible in visual communication, or
say broadcasting. More on this aspect will be discussed in a
coming lecture.
By 1935, mechanical systems for transmitting black-and-white
images were replaced completely by
electronic methods that could generate hundreds of horizontal
bands at 30 frames per second. Vladimir K.
Zworykin, a Russian immigrant who first worked for Westinghouse,
patented an electronic camera tube
based on the cathode tube. Philo T. Farnsworth and Allen B.
Dumont, both Americans, developed a pickup
tube that became the home television receiver by 1939.
There are currently 3
main television transmission standards
used throughout the world:
NTSC - National
Television Standards Committee. The oldest existing standard, developed in the
USA.
First used in 1954. Consists of 525 horizontal lines of display
and 60 vertical lines.
SECAM - Système
Électronique pour Couleur avec Mémoire. Developed in France. First used in 1967.
A
625-line vertical, 50-line horizontal display.
PAL - Phase
Alternating Line. Developed by German engineer Walter Bruch who patented his
invention
1963 and the first commercial application of the PAL system was
in August 1967. Also a 625/50-line
display and alternative of NTSC. Proponents call it
"Perfection
At
Last."
Television in Pakistan
Evening Transmission only
TV broadcast was limit to five hours, from 6 pm to 11 pm with
one weekly holiday on Monday.
People would sit in front of the set from the signature tune,
women would finish household errands,
children doing their homework much before the first images of
the day, usually recitation from the holy
Quran. Hardly a person would move away till the national anthem
was played to mark end of the day’s
transmission. Due to the immense interest for watching the
moving images and the restricted timings of the
transmission, the work-schedule of many was now changed.
Live Broadcast
The most prominent feature of PTV’s early years was the live
transmission for it did not have the
recording facilities. It was not the news to be read in real
time only, but the talks, plays and music was also
broadcast live. It was a unique experience for all the
directors, producers, performers and the technical staff.
Hardly one can imagine now that there had been such an
exceptional time in PTV’s life.
Many radio artists seemed moving to and fro between radio
station and the PTV building next door to accomplish the task of
live transmission and rehearsals.
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PTV and the unforgettable War of Sept. 1965
The September 1965 war with India was a testing time for the
whole nation. Nothing was above
the country’s defense. The PTV Lahore station did the heroics it
still gets credit for. Its OB teams went to
the borders and captured some incredible images of the
battlefield. Nothing more could have excited people
seeing with their own eyes Pakistan Army’s jawans invading
Indian posts, destroying them and capturing
enemy’s land across the border. With madam Noor Jahan’s spirited
national songs in the backdrop, the
PTV’s showings worked as a catalyst to fuel the passion for
national defense.
PTV goes colored
Though the Islamic conference coverage was very successful, many
thought it would have been far
better had it been a colored transmission. Another reason to do
away with the black and white broadcast
was that in most part of the world the TV transmission was
getting colored and companies were now not
making parts for the equipment used in the B/W transmission. The
day came soon when in 1976
COLOUR TRANSMISSION STARTED on experimental basis. Regular Color
transmission started from
Feb 18, 1982.
Effects of television on society
Television broadcast has broad effects on the society all around
the world. The strong verbal and
non verbal combination and the facility to highlight different
subject matters created one of the most
important impressions in mass media.
There are so many angles to see as to what extent TV has brought
about changes in daily life of people and
the nations as well.
Here we will see some of the key changes affected by TV
transmissions in general.
• Seeing is believing
• Changes in timings
• Fashion
• Household entity and
change in habits
• Increasing general
know-how
• Cultural changes and
influences
• Institutional
transformation
Public Relations
Definition
• Aspect of communications
that involves promoting a desirable image for a person or group seeking
public attention.
• Public relations (PR) is
the art of managing communication between an organization and its key
publics to build, manage and sustain a positive image.
• One of the earliest
definitions of PR was coined by Edward Bernays. According to him, "Public
Relations is a management function which tabulates public
attitudes, defines the policies,
procedures and interest of an organization followed by executing
a program of action to earn
public understanding and acceptance. "
• According to two
American PR professionals Scott M. Cutlips and Allen H. Center, "PR is a
planned effort to influence opinion through good character and
responsible performance based
upon mutual satisfactory two-way communication".
Methodology
Public relations describes the various methods a company uses to
disseminate messages about its
products, services, or overall image to its customers,
employees, stockholders, suppliers, or other interested
members of the community. The point of public relations is to
make the public think favorably about the
company and its offerings.
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Tools employed for PR
Commonly used tools of public relations include:
• News releases
• Press conferences
• Speaking engagements
• Community service
programs
Public relations involves
• Evaluation of public
attitudes and opinions.
• Formulation and
implementation of an organization's procedures and policy regarding
communication with its publics.
• Coordination of
communications programs.
• Developing rapport and
good-will through a two way communication process.
• Fostering a positive
relationship between an organization and its public constituents.
Specializations
• Property development &
real estate PR
• Retail sector PR
• Agricultural PR
• Food service PR
• Health care PR
• Technology/IT PR
• Public affairs PR
• On-line PR
• Financial/investor
relations
• Not-for-profit PR
• Crisis communication PR
Lobby groups
Lobby groups are established to influence government policy,
corporate policy, or public opinion.
These groups purport to represent a particular interest. When a
lobby group hides its true purpose and
support base it is known as a front group.
Astroturfing
Creating an artificial "grassroots" movement is known as
astroturfing. A typical example would be
the writing of letters to multiple newspaper editors under
different names to express an opinion on an issue,
creating the impression of widespread public feeling but being
controlled by one central entity.
Spin
In public relations,
spin is a, sometimes critical term
signifying a heavily biased portrayal in one's
own favor of an event or situation. While traditional public
relations may also rely on creative presentation
of the facts, "spin" often, though not always, implies,
deceptive and/or highly manipulative tactics.
Politicians are often accused of spin by commentators and
political opponents, when they produce a
counter argument or position.
Advertising beyond Print Media
Covert advertising
It is embedded in other entertainment media is known as product
placement.
A more recent version of this is advertising in film, by having
a main character use an item or other of a
definite brand - an example is in the movie
Minority Report,
where Tom Cruise's character Tom Anderton
owns a computer with the
Nokia
logo clearly written in the top corner, or his
watch engraved with the
Bulgari logo. Another
example of advertising in film is in
I, Robot,
where main character played by Will Smith
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mentions his
Converse shoes several times, calling
them "classics," because the film is set far in the future.
Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded,
which as a result contained many scenes in
which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for
Omega Watches, BMW and Aston-Martin
cars are featured in recent James Bond films, most notably,
Casino Royale.
Advertising Media—Audio
The most common audio advertising media is FM radio. Placement
of an advertisement on FM
radio costs about as much as an advertisement placed in a
metropolitan newspaper. However, radio is more
dynamic than print alternatives because it allows the advertiser
essentially to talk with the consumer. Indeed,
many small business consultants believe that an entertaining and
informative radio advertising campaign can
be a major asset. Nonetheless, some analysts contend that small
business owners should proceed cautiously
before deciding to rely exclusively on radio advertising.
Indeed, most businesses incorporate a media mix
when attempting to sell their products or services, utilizing
radio advertising in concert with print and other
advertising media. The key for small business owners is to study
what types of advertising best suits their
products and services and to use that media to spearhead their
advertising campaign.
TV
The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective
mass-market advertising format and
this is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for
commercial airtime during popular TV events.
The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is
known as much for its commercial
advertisements as for the game itself, and the average cost of a
single thirty-second TV spot during this
game has reached $2.5 million (as of 2006).
Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television
programming through computer graphics. It
is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops or used to
replace local billboards that are not relevant
to the remote broadcast audience. More controversially, virtual
billboards may be inserted into the
background where none existing in real-life. Virtual product
placement is also possible. Increasingly, other
mediums such as those discussed below are overtaking television
due to a shift towards consumer's usage of
the Internet.
Advertising Evaluation
Once the advertising campaign is over, companies normally
evaluate it compared to the established
goals. An effective tactic in measuring the usefulness of the
advertising campaign is to measure the pre-and
post-sales of the company's product. In order to make this more
effective, some companies divide up the
country into regions and run the advertising campaigns only in
some areas. The different geographic areas
are then compared (advertising versus non-advertising), and a
detailed analysis is performed to provide an
evaluation of the campaign's effectiveness. Depending on the
results, a company will modify future
advertising efforts in order to maximize effectiveness.
Advertising Campaign
An advertising
campaign is a series of advertisement
messages that share a single idea and theme
which make up an integrated marketing communication (IMC).
Advertising campaigns appear in different
media across a specific time frame.
The critical part of making an advertising campaign is
determining a campaign theme,
as it sets the tone for the
individual advertisements and other forms of marketing
communications that will be used. The campaign
theme is the central message that will be communicated in the
promotional activities. The campaign themes
are usually developed with the intention of being used for a
substantial period but many of them are short
lived due to factors such as being ineffective or market
conditions and/or competition in the marketplace.
Forms of Advertising
Advertising can take a number of forms, including advocacy,
comparative, cooperative, and directmail,
informational, institutional, outdoor, persuasive, product,
reminder, point-of-purchase, and specialty
advertising.
• Advocacy Advertising
• Comparative Advertising
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• Cooperative Advertising
• Direct-Mail Advertising
• Informational
Advertising
• Institutional
Advertising
• Outdoor Advertising
• Persuasive Advertising
• Product Advertising
• Reminder Advertising
• Point-of-Purchase
Advertising
• Specialty Advertising
Advertising Objectives
Advertising objectives are the communication tasks to be
accomplished with specific customers
that a company is trying to reach during a particular time
frame. A company that advertises usually strives to
achieve one of four advertising objectives: trial, continuity,
brand switching, and switchback. Which of the
four advertising objectives is selected usually depends on where
the product is in its life cycle.
Public perception of the medium
As advertising and marketing efforts become increasingly
ubiquitous in modern Western societies,
the industry has come under criticism of culture jamming which
criticizes the media and consumerism using
advertising's own techniques. The industry is accused of being
one of the engines powering a convoluted
economic mass production system which promotes consumption.
Recognizing the social impact of
advertising, Media-watch-uk, a British special interest group,
works to educate consumers about how they
can register their concerns with advertisers and regulators. It
has developed educational materials for use in
schools. The award-winning book, Made You Look
How Advertising Works and Why You
Should Know, by
former Media-watch (a feminist organisation founded by Ann
Simonton not linked to media-watch-uk)
president Shari Graydon, provides context for these issues for
young readers.
Media Theories
The term media
theory refers to a model that explains
the relationship between media and social
reality. Media as an enterprise holds a unique status – from one
way it is like an industry which gives its
products and service and earn money but from another way media
is supposed to talk about society, people,
attitude, interaction, guidance and the most crucial and
sensitive, criticism.
The criticism media does-on individuals, business sector and the
governments, pinches many in many ways.
If media does not perform this function, it is rendered
redundant.
• Authoritarian Theory
• Libertarian Theory
• Soviet Theory
• Social Responsibility
Theory
New Media
New Media is a term
that describes traditional forms of media that have been transformed by
advancements in digital technology and digital computing.
What is classed as New Media?
• Web Sites including
Blogs
• Email
• CD/DVD
• Electronic kiosks
• Virtual worlds
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• Interactive Television
• Internet Telephony
• Mobile
• Pod-cast
• Hypertext Fiction
Disadvantages in the Use of New Media
While most advertising and marketing agencies have cited the use
of New Media as a positive force
in reaching new and old customers alike, a prevalent concern
amongst companies that wish to remain
competitive in today's digital markets is the rapid rate at
which new media changes, and can be changed
from any number of sources. While the new level of communication
between customers and those
providing any kind of service is generally beneficial, it also
allows for more methods by which unhappy
consumers may disproportionately voice their concerns, in
relation to their actual overall sampling size
amongst consumers as a whole.
Another negative result of the implementation of new media
advertising and marketing is generally regarded
as being cost-related. As New Media forms are almost exclusively
digital in nature, the cost of initial
establishment and then the upkeep of the equipment, resources,
and manpower needed may pose a
significant problem for smaller businesses. It has been said
that in this way, the worldwide trend towards
reliance on New Media for such means may very well be a move
towards further corporate globalization,
and the downfall of smaller businesses that can't compete with
such new technological means.
Globalization of Media
Globalization is a buzz word these days. It is more heard in the
arena of economics where
transnational corporations are widening their scope of
activities and earning massively. So strong is the
thrust for expansionism by the world corporate sectors that
governments and other international
organizations like the UNO etc also at times seem to be only
working for the cause of this sector. The wave
of globalization is not without criticism such as it is designed
to make a few rich and the rest poor not only
in the financial sense but also culturally. The debate is raging
high.
Media Mergence
Every time a new technology is introduced in the sphere of mass
media and a new media organ is
created, there appears a situation where new form of mass
communication gets its source material from the
media organs already in vogue.
The mediated communication which is always based on certain
technology also needs contents which must
be made the main area of mass communication. Hardly there has
been a situation when a new technology
has also brought altogether new topics to be talked about with
the help of new science.
From Print to Electronic Amalgamation
Print media had been enjoying a unique distinction in the
society for almost four hundred years
when in the first quarter of the 20th century radio was
introduced on the basis of electromagnetic waves
technology. It was first time that the people experienced a
wireless communication at massive scale.
Radio brought with it listening pleasure – music, talks and news
etc. But the nature of contents in news, talk
shows, discussions, educational programmes and comments was not
new. More or less it was dealing with
the same content people had been familiar with over the years
because of print media. The only change was
the new technology. Contents were the same. So one can say that
radio was a mergence of print and
electronic media as far content were concerned.
Radio, TV mergence
Although TV was also based on radio wave technology, the
carrying of images through
electromagnetic waves gave it a unique distinction and in the
eyes of common people TV has been a
different entity.
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But on the content side, TV picked many ideas from radio formats
like group discussions, musical
programmes, and commentary on sporting events, and presentation
of news. The changes were only due to
presence of images.
TV and computer getting one - IPT (Internet protocol TV)
In the third quarter of the 20th
century scientists were successful in
using the digital technology for
carrying contents which were earlier carried only through analog
techniques. This led to a marriage between
the analog and digital technologies and it is here that the
subject of mergence of media has emerged.
This new combination is exclusive in the sense that it not only
brings the contents of sound and images
together and all the formats of programme remain intact, it at
the same time brings the two technologies at
one point.
In coming years you would be able to use your computer as TV and
if you desire, TV set could also be used
as computer because most TV sets manufactured after 2006, or so,
would carry a chip which would enable
decoding of messages transmitted through digital technology.
So, when we say that the media will converge, we mean that
current television shows will merge into a
hybrid with World Wide Web style content. Television shows will
have other types of media like text
merged into them, and World Wide Web pages will begin to be
temporal entities that tell a story. Another
way of looking at this is that both your television and your
computer will be running a similar super browser
which will allow the same content to be viewed on both devices.
Also, to say that the two converge it is not
enough to say that you will be able to watch television on your
computer-- that merely means that television
content is a sub-set of computer content and is already possible
today. For the two to truly converge the
content that can be received by both devices should be the same.
When we say that the media will not converge, we mean that
television shows and world wide web content
will remain distinct media forms, and that you will use your
television for watching television shows, and
your computer to view and browse web content. While both media
types may have evolved, they will
remain different from one another.
Criticism on Media
• Conceals more than it
reveals
• Exaggerates
• Sensationalize
• Damages cultural and
family traditions
• Biasness
• Sold to interest groups
• Commercialism-trend is
to mislead people
• Pictures of killings –
unethical
• Private life, obscenity
• Blackmails governments |
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