(WEB DEVELOPMENT LESSON 12)
During the last Lesson we discussed Event handling:
We looked at the concept of
event-driven programs and event handlers
What are they?
What do they do?
How do we benefit from them?
We wrote simple programs to demonstrate the capabilities of a few event
handlers
What is Event Handling?
Capturing events and responding to them
The system sends events to the program and the program responds to them
as they arrive
Events can include things a user does - like clicking the mouse - or
things that the system itself does -
like updating the clock. Today we will exclusively focus on user-events.
Event Driven Programs:
Programs that can capture and
respond to events are called ‘event-driven programs’
JavaScript was specifically designed for writing such programs
JavaScript’s Handling of Events:
Events handlers are placed in the
BODY part of a Web page as attributes in HTML tags
Events can be captured and responded to directly with JavaScript
one-liners embedded in HTML tags in
the BODY portion
Alternatively, events can be captured in the HTML code, and then
directed to a JavaScript function for
an appropriate response
In-Line JavaScript Event Handling:
Event handlers are placed in the
BODY portion of a Web page as attributes of HTML tags
The event handler attribute consists of 3 parts:
The identifier of the event handler
The equal sign
A string consisting of JavaScript statements enclosed in double or
single quotes
Multiple JavaScript statements (separated by semicolons) can be placed
in that string, but all have to fit
in a single line; no newline characters are allowed in that string
Due to this limitation, sophisticated event handling is not possible
with in-line event handling
Usage Guideline:
For very short scripts, “all code
in the tag” works well
The “code in the HEAD portion” is the right choice for developing larger
JavaScript scripts
It makes the code easier to read
It allows the reuse of a function for multiple event handlers
onFocus & onBlur:
onFocus executes the specified
JavaScript code when a window receives focus or when a form element
receives input focus
onBlur executes the specified JavaScript code when a window loses focus
or a form element loses focus
onLoad & onUnload:
onLoad executes the specified
JavaScript code when a new document is loaded into a window
onUnload executes the specified JavaScript code when a user exits a
document.
Mixed-case capitalization of event handlers (e.g. onClick) is a
convention (but not a requirement) for
JavaScript event handlers defined in HTML code
At times, you may wish to use event handlers in JavaScript code enclosed
in <SCRIPT>, </SCRIPT>
tags
A Note on Syntax:
In those cases you have to
strictly follow the JavaScript rule for all event handler identifiers:
they must
all be typed in small case, e.g. ‘onclick’ or ‘onmouseover’
Today’s Goal:(Mathematical Methods)
We will look at JavaScript’s Math
object
We will look at solutions for simple problems using various methods of
the Math object
35.1 Problems & Solutions:
JavaScript doesn’t support drawing
of graphics
However, crude graphics can be put together with the help of various
text characters or tables
One cannot write a character at a random location on the screen using
JavaScript
Instead, the graph has to be drawn from top to bottom, one row at a time
– just like when regular text is
written to a document
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Sine Function Plot</TITLE>
<SCRIPT>
function plotSine( ) {
…
}
…
</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
<BODY onLoad="plotSine( )">
</BODY>
</HTML>
function plotSine( ) {
var ht, wd, rowN ; // rowN is the row number
ht = 15 ; // height of the half
cycle
wd = 90 ; // width of the plot
document.write(
"<H1 align = 'center'>sin(x)</H1>" ) ;
for( rowN = ht; rowN >= -ht; rowN = rowN - 1 ) {
plotRow( rowN, ht, wd ) ;
}
}
function writeRow( row, wd ) {
var rowE ;
document.write(
"<FONT face = 'courier' size = '-2'>" ) ;
for( rowE = 0; rowE <= wd; rowE = rowE + 1 ) {
document.write ( row[ rowE ] ) ;
}
document.write( "<BR></FONT>" ) ;
}
function plotRow( rowN, ht, wd ) {
var theta, rowE ; // rowE is the row element
var row = new Array( wd ) ;
for ( rowE=0; rowE <= wd; rowE = rowE + 1 ) {
theta = 2 * Math.PI * rowE / wd ;
if( rowN == Math.round(ht * Math.sin( theta )))
row[ rowE ] = "*" ;
else
row[ rowE ] = " " ;
}
writeRow ( row, wd ) ;
}
function plotRow( rowN, ht, wd ) {
var theta, rowE ;
var row = new Array( wd ) ;
for ( rowE=0; rowE <= wd; rowE = rowE + 1 ) {
theta = 2 * Math.PI * rowE / wd ;
if( rowN == Math.round(ht * Math.sin( theta )))
row[ rowE ] = "*" ;
else
row[ rowE ] = " " ;
}
writeRow ( row, wd ) ;
}
if( rowE == 0 )
row[ rowE ] = "|" ;
else
if( rowN == 0 )
row[ rowE ] = "-" ;
else
That is a sine wave.
How about a cosine?
Or a tangent?
Or, even, the natural logarithm?
Today We Have Seen 3 New Elements:
Math.PI
A property that gave us the value of Pi
Math.round( )
A method that rounded a number to its nearest integer
Math.sin( )
A method that gave us the sine of an angle
All 3 belong to JavaScript’s Math object
35.2 Mathematical Functions in JavaScript:
In addition to the simple
arithmetic operations (e.g. +, *, etc.) JavaScript supports several
advanced
mathematical operations as well
Notationaly, these functions are accessed by referring to various
methods of the Math object
Moreover, this object also contains several useful mathematical
constants as its properties
This object has no use, but of a placeholder
Properties:
Math.PI
Math.E
Math.LN2
Math.LN10
Math.LOG2E
Math.LOG10E
Math.SQRT2
Math.SQRT1_2
Methods:
Note the CAPITAL
lettering of all
properties
sin( r ), cos( r ), tan( r ):
Standard trigonometric functions
Returns the sine, cosine or tangent of ‘r’,
where ‘r’ is specified in radians
EXAMPLE
document.write( Math.cos( Math.PI
/ 4 ) )
asin( x ), acos( x ), atan( x ):
Standard inverse-trigonometric
functions
Returns the arcsine, arccosine or arctangent of ‘r’
in radians
EXAMPLE
document.write( Math.asin( 1 ) )
random( )
sin( r )
cos( r )
tan( r )
asin( x )
acos( x )
atan( x )
atan2( x, y )
max( x, y )
max( x, y )
exp( x )
log( x ) abs( x )
sqrt( x )
pow( x, y )
round( x )
floor( x )
ceil( x )
0.707106781186547
1.5707963267948965
Returns the smaller of x and y
min( x, y )
2, 4 →
2
-12, -5 →
-12
Returns the larger of x and y
max( x, y )
2, 4 →
4
-12, -5 →
-5
Returns the square root of x
sqrt( x )
0.5 →
0.7071
Returns x raised to the power y
pow( x, y )
2, 32 →
4294967296
1 →
2.718281
Returns the the natural
logarithm of x
log( x )
Math.E
→ 1
ceil( x )
Returns integer nearest
to x
Returns largest integer
that is less than or
equal to x
Returns smallest integer
that is greater than or
equal to x
round( x ) floor( x )
1.1 → 1
12.5 →
13
-13.9 →
-14
1.1 → 1
12.5 →
12
-13.9 →
-14
1.1 → 2
12.5 →
13
-13.9 →
-13
Returns the absolute
value of x
abs( x )
1.1 →
1.1
-12.5 →
12.5
0 → 0
exp( x )
Returns Math.E raised to
the power x
random( ):
Returns a randomly-selected,
floating-point number between 0 and 1
EXAMPLE
document.write( Math.random( ) )
random( ):
Example
Design a Web page that displays the result of the rolling of a 6-sided
die on user command
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Electronic Die</TITLE>
<SCRIPT>
function rollDie( ) { … }
</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<FORM … > … </FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
<FORM name="form1" method="post" action="">
<INPUT type="submit" name="Submit"
value="Roll Die" onMouseOver="rollDie( )">
<INPUT type="text" name="die" size="12">
</FORM>
function rollDie( ) {
var dieN, dieDots, dots ;
dieDots = "* " ;
dieN = Math.round( 6 * Math.random( ) ) ;
for( dots = 2; dots <= dieN; dots = dots + 1 ) {
dieDots = dieDots + "* " ;
}
document.form1.die.value = dieDots ;
}
During Today’s Lesson …:
We looked at the properties and
methods of JavaScript’s Math object
We produced solutions for simple problems using several methods of the
Math object
Next (the 13th) Web Dev Lecture:
String Manipulation
To become familiar with a few
methods used for manipulating strings
To become able to solve simple problems involving
strings |